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Research


Research and Clinical Use of the Frisby Stereotests

The Frisby Stereotests (Near, FD2 Distance Stereotest, and Pocket Stereotest) have been widely referenced in peer-reviewed research and clinical literature over several decades. Published studies include reports of normative data, assessments of test–retest reliability, and evaluations of clinical applications in both paediatric and adult populations.

The selected references below are provided for information and illustrate how Frisby Stereotests have been used and discussed within published research.  Full abstracts and articles are available via PubMed and journal websites.

 

Normative Data and Stereoacuity Ranges

Bohr & Read (2013)

Stereoacuity with Frisby and revised FD2 stereo tests. Vision Research, 87, 43–47.
This study assessed stereoacuity using the Frisby Near Stereotest and the revised FD2 Distance Stereotest across a wide age range. The authors report distributions of stereoacuity values and examine the relationship between near and distance stereoacuity in a general population.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24349416/

Adams et al. (2005)

Frisby Davis distance stereoacuity values in visually normal children. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 89, 1438–1440.
Normative distance stereoacuity values were measured in visually normal young children using the FD2 Stereotest, demonstrating that reliable distance stereoacuity measurements can be obtained in preschool-aged children.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16234448/

Piano et al. (2016)

Normative values for near and distance clinical stereotests. Journal of Vision, 16(6), 1–12.
A comparative study reporting normative stereoacuity values across several commonly used near and distance stereotests, including the Frisby Near Stereotest and the FD2 Distance Stereotest.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929725/


Reliability and Repeatability of Stereoacuity Testing

Mehta et al. (2023)

Test–retest variability in stereoacuity measurements. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 43.
This study examined test–retest variability across multiple clinical stereoacuity tests and reported good repeatability for Frisby measurements, supporting their use in follow-up and longitudinal assessment.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37734044/

 

Distance Stereoacuity and Clinical Testing Protocols (FD2)

Holmes & Fawcett (2005)

Testing distance stereoacuity with the Frisby-Davis 2 (FD2) test. Journal of AAPOS, 9, 384–388.
This paper evaluates FD2 testing protocols and highlights the importance of controlling monocular cues when assessing distance stereoacuity in both strabismic and non-strabismic subjects.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15652852/


Screening and Comparative Clinical Studies

Ohlsson et al. (2001)

Screening merits of the Lang II, Frisby, Randot and Titmus stereotests. Journal of AAPOS, 5, 316–322.
A comparative screening study evaluating several stereotests in paediatric populations, including the Frisby Stereotest.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753263/

 

Pocket Stereotest in Clinical and Research Contexts

Hertzsprung et al. (2023)

Personalized surgical informed consent with stereoscopic imaging. Acta Neurochirurgica.
In this clinical study, all participants were screened for stereopsis using the Frisby Pocket Stereotest™ prior to a comparison of conventional and stereoscopic MRI visualisation during informed consent discussions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37030460/

Schlinkmann et al. (2022)

Does stereoscopic imaging improve memorization of neurosurgical visuals? Neurosurgical Review.
Participants’ stereopsis was assessed using the Frisby Pocket Stereotest™ before engaging in image analysis tasks involving monoscopic and stereoscopic visualisation systems, demonstrating its use in research involving depth perception.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35079965/


Clinical Disclaimer

The references listed above are provided for informational purposes only and reflect published research that includes or discusses the Frisby Stereotest and related stereoacuity measurements. They do not constitute clinical guidelines or medical advice. Clinical use should follow local protocols and professional judgement.